Process

Social interaction

(Schön, 1984) (Bronzino et al., 1994) (Pierre Dillenbourg et al., 1996) (Gross & Do, 1997) (Bronet, 2000) (Colbeck & Campbell, 2000) (Ochsner, 2000) (Kvan, 2001) (Valkenburg, 2001) (Chiu, Yamaguchi, & Morozumi, 2001) (Demirbas & Demirkan, 2003) (Carroll et al., 2003) (Romice & Uzzell, 2005) (Tucker & Reynolds, 2006) (Martin et al., 2007) (Peeters, van Tuijl, Reymen, & Rutte, 2007) (H.-H. Tang & Lee, 2008) (Macpherson, 2008) (Vyas et al., 2009) (McPeek, 2009) (Schnabel, 2009) (Pringle, 2009) (Kurt, 2009) (Sagun & Demirkan, 2009) (Ismail & Soliman, 2010) (Blevis, 2010) (Pektas, 2012)

Participation and Competition

(Astin, 1993) (Pierre Dillenbourg et al., 1996) (Kurt, 2009) (Ismail & Soliman, 2010) (Blevis, 2010) (Hassanain, Mohammed, & Cetin, 2012)

Problem solving

(J. C. Tang, 1991) (Blumenfeld et al., 1991) (Schon, 1995) (Pierre Dillenbourg et al., 1996) (Kvan, 2000) (Ochsner, 2000) (Kuhn, 2001) (Chiu, 2002) (Strong & Stiver, 2005) (Klein et al., 2006) (Logan, 2008) (Kleinsmann & Valkenburg, 2008) (Sagun & Demirkan, 2009) (Kurt, 2009) (Ismail & Soliman, 2010) (Pektas, 2012) (Belkadi et al., 2013)

Innovation and Creativity

(Slavin, 1995) (Colbeck & Campbell, 2000) (Engeström, 2001) (Valkenburg, 2001) (Lewis, 2006) (Soliman & Okba, 2006) (Logan, 2008) (Ungar & White, 2008) (Vyas et al., 2009) (Crilly, 2010) (Gray, 2011) (Hassanain et al., 2012)

Individuality

(Mello, 1993) (Crosbie, 1995) (Pierre Dillenbourg et al., 1996) (Ehrlenspiel, Giapoulis, & Günther, 1997) (Martin et al., 2007) (Hellström, 2007) (Kamalipour, Houshmandipanah, & Mansouri Kermani, 2013)

Learning by doing

(Schön, 1984) (Schön, 1985) (Schön, 1988) (Kurt, 2009) (Yilmaz, Seifert, & Gonzalez, 2010) (Ismail & Soliman, 2010)

Sharing ideas

(Blumenfeld et al., 1991) (Gross & Do, 1997) (Kvan, 2000) (Chiu, 2002) (Gabriel & Maher, 2002) (Demirbas & Demirkan, 2003) (Summers, Gorin, Beretvas, & Svinicki, 2005) (Larsson, Törlind, Bergström, Löfstrand, & Karlsson, 2005) (Romice & Uzzell, 2005) (Ungar & White, 2008) (Sagun & Demirkan, 2009) (Ismail & Soliman, 2010) (Wang, Shih, & Chien, 2010) (Arefi & Edelman, 2013)

Work distribution

(Bosworth, 1994) (Chiu, 2002) (Cheng, 2003) (Summers et al., 2005) (Tseng, Tzeng, & Lin, 2005) (Romice & Uzzell, 2005)

Comparison to individual work

(Millis & Cottell, 1998) (Gatfield, 1999) (Tucker & Reynolds, 2006) (Ungar & White, 2008)

Communication problems

(Mello, 1993) (Crosbie, 1995) (Ehrlenspiel et al., 1997) (Ochsner, 2000) (Martin et al., 2007) (Kleinsmann, Buijs, & Valkenburg, 2010) (Gray, 2011) (Kamalipour et al., 2013)

Evaluating and Critique

(Pierre Dillenbourg et al., 1996) (Gross & Do, 1997) (Gross and Do 1997) (Russ and Dickinson 1999) (Bowring, 2000) (Lewis, 2006) (Logan, 2008) (Macpherson, 2008) (Ungar & White, 2008) (McPeek, 2009) (Blevis, 2010) (Gray, 2011) (Oh, Ishizaki, Gross, & Yi-Luen Do, 2012)

Content

Improvement of individuals

(Fleck, 1981) (Mello, 1993) (Kvan, 2001) (Romice & Uzzell, 2005) (Martin et al., 2007) (Ungar & White, 2008) (Vyas et al., 2009) (Yilmaz et al., 2010) (Pektas, 2012) (Hassanain et al., 2012) (Kamalipour & Biglari, 2013)

Place

Design studio

(D. Schön 1985) (Schön, 1988) (Schon, 1995) (Gross & Do, 1997) (Bronet, 2000) (Kuhn, 2001) (Demirbas & Demirkan, 2003) (Duggan, 2004) (Larsson et al., 2005) (Ungar & White, 2008) (Vyas et al., 2009) (McPeek, 2009) (Yilmaz et al., 2010) (Strong & Stiver, 2005) (Hassanain et al., 2012) (Oh et al., 2012) (Belkadi et al., 2013)

Environmental limitations

(Boling & Smith, 2010) (Gray, 2011) (Kamalipour et al., 2013)

Insufficient Space

(Reimer & Douglas, 2003) (Wang et al., 2010)

Time

Differences in cases

(Schmitt, 1998) (Bronet, 2000) (Strong & Stiver, 2005)

Time limitations

(Ungar & White, 2008) (Boling & Smith, 2010)

Size

Instructor(s)

(Ochsner, 2000)